Grammar

Completing Sentences:

1. Sub+verb+too+adj/adv+to+verb+ex. (too......to =GZ †h bv)

The man is too old to work.

2. Sub+verb+too+adj/adv+for+personal object+to+verb+ex.

The problem was too hard for us to solve.

3. Sub+verb+so+adj/adv+that+sub+can not/could not +verb+ex. ( so ...that=GZ †h )

The sailors' throats were so dry that they could not speak a single word.

4. Sub+verb+ adj/adv+noun+ sothat/in order that+sub+can /could/may/might +verb+ex. (sothat=hv‡Z)

The farmers sow good seeds so that they can grow good crops.

5. Provided/Provided that/ Providing that ( hw`)

Sub+shall/will+verb+ex+provided/provided that/providing that+sub+v1+ex.

He will shine in life provided that he works hard.

6. Ist sentence+lest+sub+might/should+verb+ex. (lest=fq nq .... bv )

He ran away lest he might/should be seen.

7. Unless Ist sentence+sub+can/will+verb+ex. ( unless=hw` bv)

Or Imperative sentence+unless+sub+verb+ex.

Or ist sentence+ unless+sub+verb+ex.

8. Imperative sentence+until/till+sub+verb+ex. ( until/till hZÿY bv ch©šÍ)

Or Ist sentence+until/till+sub+verb+ex.

His mother will be nursing him until he comes round.

9. Imperative sentence+as long as+sub+verb+ex.

Or Ist sentence+ as long as +sub+verb+ex. (as long as hZÿY ch©šÍ)

Allah will be with us as long as our aim is honest.

10. Though/Although+sub+ verb+ex,sub+verb+ex. ( hw`I)

Sub+verb+ex+though/although+sub+verb+ex.

Though he is poor, he is honest.

11. Since/as/because+KviY hy³ evK¨+djvdj evK¨ (KviY/ †h‡nZz)

A_ev djvdj evK¨+since/as/because  +KviY hy³ evK¨|

Everybody likes him because he is honest.

Since he is honest, everybody likes him.

12. If+sub+v1+ex, sub+shall/will/can/may+v1+ex.

If he comes, I shall go.

or, sub+shall/will/can/may+v1+ex+ If+sub+v1+ex.

She will not go out if it rains.

12. If +sub+v2+ex, sub+would/might/could+v1+ex.

If I were you, I would not support it.

13. If +sub+v2+ex, sub+would/might/could+v1+ex.

If they wanted, we would help them.

14. If+sub+had+v3+ex, sub+would/could/might+have+v3+ex.

If she had tried, she would have succeeded.

15. Had+sub+v3+ex, sub+ would/could/might+have+v3+ex.

Had I possessed a vast property, I would have helped the poor.

16. In spite of/despite (সত্ত্বেও)

In spite of/despite+possessive+noun, sub+verb+ex.

In spite of his poverty, he is honest.

17. In stead of, In lieu of (cwie‡Z©)

In stead of/ In lieu of+noun, sub+verb+ex.

or sub+verb+ex+ in stead of/in lieu of+noun.

18. Because of/on account of /owing to /due to (Kvi‡Y)

Because of/on account of /owing to /due to+ possessive+noun, sub+verb+ex.

or sub+verb+ex+ because of/on account of /owing to /due to+ possessive+noun

On account of his illness he could not go to college.

Everybody loves him because of his good behaviour.

19. Would rather/would sooner ............. than (eis/ZeyI)

Sub+would rather/would sooner+ v1+than+verb.

or Sub+would rather/would sooner+ v1+noun+than+noun.

20. Had better (eis fvj)

Sub+had better+v1+ex.

He had better go home now.

21. No sooner had+sub+v3+ex+than+sub+v2+ex.

No sooner had I gone out than he came.

22. Scarcely/Hardly+ had+sub+v3+ex+when+sub+v2+ex.

Scarcely/Hardly had I gone out when he came.

23.It is time+to+verb+ex.

It is time to leave the place.

24. It is time+for+obj+to+verb+ex.

It is time for us to leave the place.

25. It is time+subject+verb past form+ex.

It is time we/I/he/you went home.

26. It is high time we/I/he/you changed your bad habit.

27. As if/ as though (যেন)

Sub+v1+ex+as if / as though + sub+v2+ex.

He tells the matter as if/as though he knew it.

Sub+v2+ex+as if / as though+sub+ had+v3+ex.

He told the matter as if/ as though he had known it.

28. Let alone (চিন্তা করা যায় না বা ভাবা যায় না)

Sub+av+not+main verb+ex+let alone+ phrase.

He can pass in the third division let alone in the first division.

29. who, which, that, whom, whose

Sub+verb+obj+wh+verb+ex.

I saw the man who was working in the field.

Subj+wh+verb+obj+verb+obj.

The boy whom you met yesterday is my friend.

Shahana is my friend whose brother is a teacher.

I bought a shirt which was beautiful.

30. Without +v+ing+subj+can not+verb+ex.

Without taking physical exercise you can not keep your body fit.

31. By +v+ing+subj+can +verb+ex.

By taking physical exercise you can keep your body fit.

32. Present tense/Future tense+when/after+ present perfect tense.

You will return me the book when/after you have finished reading it.

N.B. v1=verb present form. v2=verb past form. v3= verb past participle.

Tense (কাল)

wµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi wfbœ wfbœ mgq‡K wfbœ wfbœ Tense ev Kvj e‡j|wµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq Abyhvqx Tense cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi|h_v-

1.     Present  Tense

2.     Past Indefinite Tense

3.     Future Indefinite Tense

Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj): eZ©gvb Kv‡j †h wµqvi KvR nq eySvq Zv‡K eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j|

eZ©gvb Kv‡j GKwU wµqv Pvi i“‡c m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB eZ©gvb Kvj Pvi cÖKvi| h_v-

1.     Present Indefinite Tense (Awbw`©ó eZ©gvb Kvj)

2.     Present Continuous Tense (Pjgvb eZ©gvb Kvj)

3.     Present Perfect Tense (cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj)

4.     Present Perfect Continuous Tense (cyivNwUZ Pjgvb eZ©gvb Kvj)

Present Indefinite Tense (Awbw`©ó eZ©gvb Kvj): eZ©gvb Kv‡ji †h wµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Awbw`©ó eZ©gvb Kvj e‡j|

evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l q,i,o,I,B,m,A BZ¨vw` _v‡K|A_©vr evsjv wµqvi g~j i~‡ci mv‡_ †-Kvi A_ev w-Kvi Qvov Ab¨ wKQy hy³ nq bv|

we:`ª: evsjv ev‡K¨ mevi †k‡l wµqv _v‡K|

Present Indefinite Gi MVb : Subject+verb 1 (KZ©v Third person singular nubmer n‡j verb ‡k‡l s ev es†hvM Ki‡Z n‡e)+object+phrase+place+time.

Third Person Singular Number:  He, She, It Ges †h †Kvb GKwU bvg eySv‡j Zv‡K Third Person Singular Number e‡j|

s ev es ‡hvM Kivi wbqg: Present Indefinite Tense G KZ©v Third Person Singular Number n‡j verb Gi ‡k‡l s ev es †hvM Ki‡Z nq|

es †hvM Kivi wbqg: verb Gi ‡k‡l o, ch, s, ss, sh, x or z BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Zvi H verb †k‡l es †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|‡hgb-

catch=catches                 watch=watches              wash=washes

go=goes                         do=does                         push=pushes

ies  ‡hvM Kivi wbqg: verb Gi †k‡l Y_vK‡j ,YGi Av‡M consonant _vK‡j Y ev` w`‡q †hvM ies Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-   cry=cries             fly=flies                          dry=dries

Present Indefinite Tense:  MVb: Subject+verb1(KZ©v Third person singular number n‡j verb ‡k‡l s ev es†hvM Ki‡Z n‡e)+object+phrase+place+time.

Present Indefinite Tense Gi AviI wKQy wbqg:

***evsjv ev‡K¨ wµqv bv _vK‡j nq ev nB wµqv ai‡Z n‡e|

MVb: sub+am+is+are+a/an/number+adv+adj+noun+place+time.

D`vniY: wigv Zvi ¯‹z‡ji Lye †gavex QvÎx|

Rima is a very meritorious girl in her school.

we:`ª: I c‡i am e‡m. KZ©v  third person singular number n‡j is e‡m, Avi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡Î are e‡m|

***evsjv ev‡K¨ Av‡Q _vK‡j|

MVb: sub+have/has+a/an/number+adv+adj+noun+place+time.

D`vniY: Avgvi covi N‡i Avgvi GKwU my›`i †Uwej Av‡Q|

I have a beautiful table in my reading room.

we:`ª: KZ©v  third person singular number n‡j has e‡m, Avi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡Î have e‡m|

***evsjv ev‡K¨ g~j wµqvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z n‡e _vK‡j

MVb: Subject+have/has+to+verb 1 (KZ©v Third person singular number has Avi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡Î  have em‡e )+object+phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: Avgv‡K AvMvgxKvj XvKv †h‡Z n‡e|

I have to go Dhaka tomorrow.

***evsjv ev‡K¨ g~j wµqvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z nq _vK‡j

MVb: Subject+am/is/are+to+verb 1 (I c‡i am e‡m. KZ©v  third person singular number n‡j is e‡m, Avi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡Î are e‡m| )+object+phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: Avgv‡K cªwZw`b ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z nq|

I am to go to school everyday.

***evsjv ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb wKQz Av‡Q eySv‡j

There+is/are+a/an/number+adverb+adjective+things+preposition+place.

we:`ª: there Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb person & number bvB| wµqvi c‡i †h e¯‘ _vK‡e Zv GKwU n‡j is em‡e GKvwaK n‡j  are em‡e|

D`vniY: Avgv‡`i ¯‹z‡j GKwU eo †Ljvi gvV Av‡Q|

There is a large playground in our school.

Present Continuous Tense (Pjgvb eZ©gvb Kvj): eZ©gvb Kv‡ji †Kvb wµqvi Pwj‡Z‡Q eySv‡j Zv‡K Present Continuous Tense e‡j|

evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq: mvay iæ‡c evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Z,Q _vK‡e| PjwZ iæ‡c Q Gi Av‡Mi A‡ÿi Ô‡Õ _vK‡e bv A_ev ”Q _vK‡e| †hgb-hvB‡ZwQ, LvB‡ZwQ, hvw”Q, Lvw”Q, cowQ, KiwQ|

MVb: sub+ am/is/are+verb+ing+object+phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: Zviv  gv‡V KvRwU Ki‡Q|

They are doing the work in the field.

we:`ª: verb  Gi †k‡l e _vK‡j ing †hvM Kivi mgq Zv I‡V hvq|

Present perfect tense(cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj): eZ©gvb Kv‡ji †h wKªqvi KvR m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ djvdj GLbI we`¨gvb Av‡Q eySvq Zv‡K Present perfect tense e‡j|

evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq: mvayiæ‡c evsjv wµqvi †k‡l q,Q _v‡K| PjwZ iæ‡c evsjv wµqvi †k‡l ÔQÕ Gi Av‡Mi Aÿ‡i Ô‡Õ Kvi _vK‡e| †hgb- LvBqvwQ, KwiqvwQ, †L‡qwQ, K‡iwQ BZ¨vw`|

MVb: sub+have/has+ v3+ object+phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: †m cixÿvq cÖ_g n‡q‡Q|

He has stood first in the examination.

Present perfect continuous tense (cyivNwUZ Pjgvb eZ©gvb Kvj): eZ©gvb Kv‡ji †h wµqvi KvR c~‡e© ïiæ n‡q GLbI Pwj‡Z‡Q eySvq Zv‡K Present perfect continuous tense e‡j|evsjvq wPwbevi Dcvq: mvay iæ‡c evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Z,Q _vK‡e| PjwZ iæ‡c Q Gi Av‡Mi A‡ÿi Ô‡Õ _vK‡e bv A_ev ”Q _vK‡e Ges nB‡Z, †_‡K,hveZ,a‡i I mgq D‡jøL _vK‡e| †hgb-hvB‡ZwQ, LvB‡ZwQ, hvw”Q, Lvw”Q, cowQ, KiwQ|

MVb: Sub+have/has+been+verb1+ing+object+ex+for/since+time.

‡m `k N›Uv a‡i Nygv‡”Q|

He has been sleeping for ten hours.

Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj)

Past Indefinite Tense (Awbw`©ó AZxZ Kvj): AZxZKv‡j †h wµqvi m¤úbœ n‡qwQj eySvq Zv‡K Past Indefinite Tense e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi g~j iæ‡ci mv‡_ j, †j, jvg, Z, †Z, Zvg _vK‡e| †hgb-Kijvg, LvBjvg, cojvg , KiZvg , nvUZvg BZ¨vw`|

j,‡j,jvg _vK‡j MVb: Subject+v2+object+ phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: Avwg fvZ †Ljvg|  I ate rice.

Z,‡Z,Zvg _vK‡j MVb: Subject+used to/would+v1+object+ phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: Avwg cÖwZw`b mKv‡j nvUZvg| I used to walk in the morning.

we:`ª: ev‡K¨ MZ D‡jøL _vK‡j wµqvi iæc perfect tense Gi gZ n‡jI Zv past indefinite tense n‡e|

D`vniY: evev MZKvj evwo G‡m‡Qb| Father came home yesterday.

Past Indefinite Tense Gi AviI wKQy wbqg:

*** †KD wb‡R †Kvb wKQz wQj eySv‡j |

MVb: sub+was/were+a/an/number+adv+adj+noun+place+time.

D`vniY: wigv Zvi ¯‹z‡ji Lye †gavex QvÎx wQj|

Rima was a very meritorious girl in her school.

we:`ª: I Ges KZ©v  third person singular number n‡j was e‡m, Avi Ab¨ me †ÿ‡Î were e‡m|

***Kvi gvwjKvbvq †Kvb wKQy wQj eySv‡j|

MVb: sub+had+a/an/number+adv+adj+noun+place+time.

D`vniY: Avgvi covi N‡i Avgvi GKwU my›`i †Uwej wQj|

I had a beautiful table in my reading room.

***evsjv ev‡K¨ ‡Kv_vI ‡Kvb wKQz wQj eySv‡j

There+was/were+a/an/number+adverb+adjective+things+preposition+place. we:`ª: there Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb person & number bvB| wµqvi c‡i †h e¯‘ _vK‡e Zv GKwU n‡j was em‡e GKvwaK n‡j  were em‡e|    D`vniY: Avgv‡`i ¯‹z‡j GKwU eo Avg MvQ wQj|

There was a big mango tree in our school.

Past Continuous Tense (Pjgvb AZxZKvj): AZxZKv‡ji †Kvb wµqvi KvR Pwj‡ZwQj eySv‡j Zv‡K Past Continuous Tense  e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: mvayiæ‡c Z,Q Gici j, †j,jvg _vK‡e| wKš‘ PjwZ iæ‡c Q Gi Av‡Mi Aÿ‡i Ô†Õ Kvi _vK‡e bv c‡i j,‡j ,jvg _vK‡e A_ev ”Q Gi c‡i j,‡j,jvg _vK‡e| †hgb- hvw”Qjvg, cowQjvg|

D`vniY: Zviv gv‡V KvR KiwQj| They were working in the field.

Past perfect tense (cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj): AZxZ Kv‡ji †h wµqvi KvR c~‡e© m¤úbœ n‡q djvdj we`¨gvb wQj Zv‡K Past perfect tense  e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: mvayiæ‡c evsjv wµqvi †k‡l q,Q Gici j,‡j, jvg _vK‡e| PjwZ iæ‡c Q Gi Av‡Mi Aÿ‡i Ô‡Õ Kvi _vK‡e Ges c‡i j,‡j,jvg _vK‡e| cwoqvwQjvg, †L‡qwQjvg|

MVb: Subject+had+v3+object+phrase+place+time.

D`vniY: †mwjbv Zvi cov †kl K‡iwQj| Selina had finished her lessons.

Past perfect tense Gi we¯ÍvwiZ MVb: AZxZ Kv‡ji `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †hwU Av‡M m¤úbœ n‡qwQj eySvq †mwU Past perfect tense nq, AciwU Past Indefinite Tense nq|

***ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ c~‡e© _vK‡j

MVb: Subject+had+v3+object+before+subject+v2+object.

Wv³vi Avwmevi c~‡e© †ivwMwU gviv †Mj| The patient had died before the doctor came.

ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ ci _vK‡j MVb

MVb: Subject+v2+object+after+subject+had+v3+object.

Wv³vi Avwmevi ci †ivwMwU gviv †Mj| The patient died after the doctor had come.

we:`ª: Dfq †ÿ‡Î c‡ii evK¨wU Av‡M Av‡m Ges Av‡Mi evK¨ c‡i hvq| GQvov Av‡Mi before evK¨wU nq Past perfect tense Ges c‡ii evK¨wU Past Indefinite Tense nq | after Gi Av‡Mi evK¨wU nq Past Indefinite Tense Ges c‡ii evK¨wU Past perfect tense nq|

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

msÁv: AZxZKv‡ji †Kvb wµqvi KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi  mgq D‡jøL _vK‡j ZLb Zv‡K Past Perfect Continuous Tense e‡j|wPwbevi Dcvq: mvayiæ‡c Z,Q Gici j, †j,jvg _vK‡e| wKš‘ PjwZ iæ‡c Q Gi Av‡Mi Aÿ‡i Ô†Õ Kvi _vK‡e bv c‡i j,‡j ,jvg _vK‡e A_ev ”Q Gi c‡i j,‡j,jvg _vK‡e Ges mgq D‡jøL _vK‡e| †hgb- hvw”Qjvg, cowQjvg|

MVb: Sub+had+been+verb+ing+obj+ex+for/since+time

D`vnib:Avwg `yB N›Uv hveZ Bs‡iRx cowQjvg| I had been reading English for two hours.

Future Indefinite Tense (Awbw`©ó fwel¨Z Kvj)

fwel¨Z Kv‡ji †h wµqvi KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Future Indefinite Tense e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l e _vK‡e| †hgb-hvBe, LvBe, cwoe BZ¨vw`|

MVb: Sub+shall/will+v1+obj+ex.

D`vniY: Avwg AvMvgxKvj XvKv hve| I shall go to Dhaka tomorrow.

Future continuous tense ( Pjgvb fwel¨Z Kvj):

fwel¨Z Kv‡ji †h wµqvi KvR Pwj‡Z _vwK‡e eySvq Zv‡K Future continuous tense e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi cÖ_g As‡k †Z Ges wØZxq As‡k e _vwK‡e| hvB‡Z _vwKe, NygvB‡Z _vwKe, cwo‡Z _vwKe BZ¨vw`|

MVb: Sub+ shall/will+be+verb+ing+obj+ex.

D`vniY: †m eBwU cwo‡Z _vwK‡e| He will be reading the book.

Future perfect tense (Pjvgvb fwel¨Z Kvj)

fwel¨Z Kv‡j †Kvb wµqvi KvR m¤úbœ n‡q _vK‡e eySv‡j Zv‡K Future perfect tense e‡j|

wPwbevi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l q Ges e _vK‡e| †hgb- Kwiqv _vwKe, cwoqv _vwKe BZ¨vw`|

MVb: Sub+shall/will+have+v3+obj+ex.

I shall have finished the work.

we:`ª: AviI wKQz MVb:

***‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z cviv eySv‡j|  MVb: Subject+can+v1+ object+ex.

D`vniY: †m KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ans. He can do the work.

*** evsjv ev‡K¨ DwPZ _vK‡j|   MVb: Subject+should+v1+object+ex.

D`vniY: Avgv‡`i DwPZ evev-gv‡K m¤§vb Kiv| We should respect our parents.